uncontracted area

surgo and surrĭgo ( subr-): surrexi and subrexi, surrectum and subrectum, 3 ( perf. surregit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 296 Müll.;

orig. forms: surrigit,

Verg. A. 4, 183; Sen. Q. N. 6, 4: surriguntur, id. Ira, 1, 1 med.: surrigebant, Hier. Vit. Hil. fin.:

subrigens,

Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88; 10, 29, 44, § 86: subrigere, id. 18, 35, 89, § 365. —

Sync. forms: surrexti,

Mart. 5, 79, 1:

surrexe,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 73), v. a. and n. [contr. from surrigo, from sub-rego].

Act., to lift or raise up, to raise, erect, elevate (very rare;

after the Aug. per., the original uncontracted forms were chiefly used in this sense, to distinguish it from the class. signif., II.): plaudite, valete: lumbos surgite atque extollite,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 68:

caput,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 329:

omnes capitum hiatus ( = capita hiantia),

Stat. Th. 2, 27:

surgit caput Apenninus,

Avien. Perieg. 484:

tot surrigit aures,

Verg. A. 4, 183:

terrae motus defert montes, surrigit plana, valles extuberat,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 4, 2:

paulatim subrigens se,

Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88:

cristam,

id. 10, 29, 44, § 86:

cornua,

Col. 7, 3, 3; cf.

mid.: horrent et surriguntur capilli,

rise, stand erect, Sen. Ira, 1, 1, 4:

hastae surrectā cuspide in terrā fixae,

Liv. 8, 8:

mucrone surrecto,

id. 7, 10, 10:

calcar equo,

Front. ad M. Caes. 2, 12:

aures subrectae furentibus,

Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 137:

turres subrectae,

Sen. Ep. 86, 4:

surrecta moles,

Sil. 2, 599.—

Neutr., to rise, arise, to get up, stand up (the predominant and class. signif. of the word; syn.: exsurgo, exorior).

Lit.

In gen.:

a mensā surgunt saturi, poti,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 62:

a cenā,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 13:

e lecto,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 4:

e lectulo,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112:

de sellā,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147:

ex subselliis,

id. Fl. 10, 22:

solio,

Ov. M. 3, 273:

humo,

id. ib. 2, 771; id. F. 6, 735:

toro,

id. M. 9, 702:

toris,

id. ib. 12, 579:

ab umbris ad lumina vitae,

Verg. A. 7, 771.—

Esp., of an orator: cur, cum tot summi oratores sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 1:

ad dicendum,

id. de Or. 2, 78, 316; Quint. 2, 6, 2:

ad respondendum,

Cic. Clu. 18, 51:

surgit ad hos Ajax,

Ov. M. 13, 2.— Absol.:

nolo eum, qui dicturus est, sollicitum surgere,

Quint. 12, 5, 4:

secundā vigiliā surgit,

breaks up the camp, marches, Curt. 5, 4, 23.—

Of things, to rise, mount up, ascend (mostly poet.;

syn. ascendo): surgat pius ignis ab arā,

Ov. P. 4, 9, 53:

jussit subsidere valles... lapidosos surgere montes,

id. M. 1, 44:

mons Rhipaeus,

Mel. 1, 19 fin.:

Atlas,

id. 3, 10. —

Of the sea: fretum,

Ov. M. 14, 711:

mare,

id. ib. 15, 508:

aequora,

Verg. A. 3, 196:

undae,

id. ib. 6, 354:

amoeni fontes,

Quint. 8, 3, 8:

cacumina oleae in altum,

id. 8, 3, 10:

fistula disparibus avenis,

Ov. M. 8, 192; cf. poet.:

surgens in cornua cervus ( = ferens cornua ardua),

i. e. towering, Verg. A. 10, 725:

umeri surgunt,

id. ib. 10, 476:

lux Praecipitatur aquis et aquis nox surgit ab isdem,

Ov. M. 4, 92; id. F. 4, 629:

sol,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 73:

dies,

Verg. G. 3, 400:

luna,

id. A. 6, 453:

tenebrae,

Sen. Thyest. 822:

austri,

Verg. A. 3, 481:

ventus,

id. ib. 5, 777:

quae (aedes) proxima surgit ovili,

stands, Juv. 6, 529.—

In partic.

To rise, arise, get up from bed, from sleep:

ille multo ante lucem surrexit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

ante lucem,

id. Att. 16, 13, a:

cum die,

Ov. M. 13, 677:

mane ad invisas rotas,

id. Am. 1, 13, 38:

ad lites novas,

id. ib. 1, 13, 22:

ad praescripta munia,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 81.—

To rise in growth, to spring up, grow up; to rise in building, be built, etc. ( poet. and in post - Aug. prose):

venerata Ceres culmo surgeret alto,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 124:

nec potuere surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 161:

harundo,

Ov. M. 13, 891:

sementis,

Col. 2, 8, 5:

surgens arx,

Verg. A. 1, 366; cf.:

nunc aggere multo Surgit opus,

Luc. 2, 679:

area cinere mixtisque pumicibus oppleta surrexerat,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 14:

Ascanius surgens,

growing, Verg. A. 4, 274.—

To ascend, go up:

ad auras Aetherias,

i. e. into life, Verg. A. 6, 762.—

Trop., to rise, arise, occur, etc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

multum supra prosam orationem surgit,

Quint. 10, 1, 81:

quae nunc animo sententia surgit?

Verg. A. 1, 582:

pugna aspera surgit,

id. ib. 9, 667:

discordia,

id. ib. 12, 313:

rumor,

Tac. H. 2, 42:

honor,

Ov. F. 5, 228:

ingenium suis velocius annis,

id. A. A. 1, 186:

non ulla laborum nova mi facies surgit,

Verg. A. 6, 104.—Of the swell of a verse: sex mihi surgat opus numeris;

in quinque residat (cf.: "in the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column," Coleridge),

Ov. Am. 1, 1, 27. —

With in or ad and acc., to rise to or against, to attempt, assume, attack, etc. ( poet. and late Lat.):

in Teucros Aetolis surgit ab Arpis Tydides,

Verg. A. 10, 28: surrecturus in vires, si ipse quoque lacesseretur, Amm. 31, 3, 4:

Procopius in res surrexerat novas,

id. 26, 5, 8:

ad motum certaminum civilium avide surrecturus,

id. 21, 15, 1:

ad insontium pericula surrexerunt,

id. 21, 13, 14; App. M. 7, p. 198, 3.

surgo and surrĭgo ( subr-): surrexi and subrexi, surrectum and subrectum, 3 ( perf. surregit, Paul. ex Fest. p. 296 Müll.;

orig. forms: surrigit,

Verg. A. 4, 183; Sen. Q. N. 6, 4: surriguntur, id. Ira, 1, 1 med.: surrigebant, Hier. Vit. Hil. fin.:

subrigens,

Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88; 10, 29, 44, § 86: subrigere, id. 18, 35, 89, § 365. —

Sync. forms: surrexti,

Mart. 5, 79, 1:

surrexe,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 73), v. a. and n. [contr. from surrigo, from sub-rego].

Act., to lift or raise up, to raise, erect, elevate (very rare;

after the Aug. per., the original uncontracted forms were chiefly used in this sense, to distinguish it from the class. signif., II.): plaudite, valete: lumbos surgite atque extollite,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 68:

caput,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 329:

omnes capitum hiatus ( = capita hiantia),

Stat. Th. 2, 27:

surgit caput Apenninus,

Avien. Perieg. 484:

tot surrigit aures,

Verg. A. 4, 183:

terrae motus defert montes, surrigit plana, valles extuberat,

Sen. Q. N. 6, 4, 2:

paulatim subrigens se,

Plin. 9, 29, 47, § 88:

cristam,

id. 10, 29, 44, § 86:

cornua,

Col. 7, 3, 3; cf.

mid.: horrent et surriguntur capilli,

rise, stand erect, Sen. Ira, 1, 1, 4:

hastae surrectā cuspide in terrā fixae,

Liv. 8, 8:

mucrone surrecto,

id. 7, 10, 10:

calcar equo,

Front. ad M. Caes. 2, 12:

aures subrectae furentibus,

Plin. 11, 37, 50, § 137:

turres subrectae,

Sen. Ep. 86, 4:

surrecta moles,

Sil. 2, 599.—

Neutr., to rise, arise, to get up, stand up (the predominant and class. signif. of the word; syn.: exsurgo, exorior).

Lit.

In gen.:

a mensā surgunt saturi, poti,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 62:

a cenā,

Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 13:

e lecto,

Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 4:

e lectulo,

Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112:

de sellā,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147:

ex subselliis,

id. Fl. 10, 22:

solio,

Ov. M. 3, 273:

humo,

id. ib. 2, 771; id. F. 6, 735:

toro,

id. M. 9, 702:

toris,

id. ib. 12, 579:

ab umbris ad lumina vitae,

Verg. A. 7, 771.—

Esp., of an orator: cur, cum tot summi oratores sedeant, ego potissimum surrexerim,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 1, 1:

ad dicendum,

id. de Or. 2, 78, 316; Quint. 2, 6, 2:

ad respondendum,

Cic. Clu. 18, 51:

surgit ad hos Ajax,

Ov. M. 13, 2.— Absol.:

nolo eum, qui dicturus est, sollicitum surgere,

Quint. 12, 5, 4:

secundā vigiliā surgit,

breaks up the camp, marches, Curt. 5, 4, 23.—

Of things, to rise, mount up, ascend (mostly poet.;

syn. ascendo): surgat pius ignis ab arā,

Ov. P. 4, 9, 53:

jussit subsidere valles... lapidosos surgere montes,

id. M. 1, 44:

mons Rhipaeus,

Mel. 1, 19 fin.:

Atlas,

id. 3, 10. —

Of the sea: fretum,

Ov. M. 14, 711:

mare,

id. ib. 15, 508:

aequora,

Verg. A. 3, 196:

undae,

id. ib. 6, 354:

amoeni fontes,

Quint. 8, 3, 8:

cacumina oleae in altum,

id. 8, 3, 10:

fistula disparibus avenis,

Ov. M. 8, 192; cf. poet.:

surgens in cornua cervus ( = ferens cornua ardua),

i. e. towering, Verg. A. 10, 725:

umeri surgunt,

id. ib. 10, 476:

lux Praecipitatur aquis et aquis nox surgit ab isdem,

Ov. M. 4, 92; id. F. 4, 629:

sol,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 73:

dies,

Verg. G. 3, 400:

luna,

id. A. 6, 453:

tenebrae,

Sen. Thyest. 822:

austri,

Verg. A. 3, 481:

ventus,

id. ib. 5, 777:

quae (aedes) proxima surgit ovili,

stands, Juv. 6, 529.—

In partic.

To rise, arise, get up from bed, from sleep:

ille multo ante lucem surrexit,

Cic. Inv. 2, 4, 14:

ante lucem,

id. Att. 16, 13, a:

cum die,

Ov. M. 13, 677:

mane ad invisas rotas,

id. Am. 1, 13, 38:

ad lites novas,

id. ib. 1, 13, 22:

ad praescripta munia,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 81.—

To rise in growth, to spring up, grow up; to rise in building, be built, etc. ( poet. and in post - Aug. prose):

venerata Ceres culmo surgeret alto,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 124:

nec potuere surgere messes,

Verg. G. 1, 161:

harundo,

Ov. M. 13, 891:

sementis,

Col. 2, 8, 5:

surgens arx,

Verg. A. 1, 366; cf.:

nunc aggere multo Surgit opus,

Luc. 2, 679:

area cinere mixtisque pumicibus oppleta surrexerat,

Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 14:

Ascanius surgens,

growing, Verg. A. 4, 274.—

To ascend, go up:

ad auras Aetherias,

i. e. into life, Verg. A. 6, 762.—

Trop., to rise, arise, occur, etc. ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

multum supra prosam orationem surgit,

Quint. 10, 1, 81:

quae nunc animo sententia surgit?

Verg. A. 1, 582:

pugna aspera surgit,

id. ib. 9, 667:

discordia,

id. ib. 12, 313:

rumor,

Tac. H. 2, 42:

honor,

Ov. F. 5, 228:

ingenium suis velocius annis,

id. A. A. 1, 186:

non ulla laborum nova mi facies surgit,

Verg. A. 6, 104.—Of the swell of a verse: sex mihi surgat opus numeris;

in quinque residat (cf.: "in the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column," Coleridge),

Ov. Am. 1, 1, 27. —

With in or ad and acc., to rise to or against, to attempt, assume, attack, etc. ( poet. and late Lat.):

in Teucros Aetolis surgit ab Arpis Tydides,

Verg. A. 10, 28: surrecturus in vires, si ipse quoque lacesseretur, Amm. 31, 3, 4:

Procopius in res surrexerat novas,

id. 26, 5, 8:

ad motum certaminum civilium avide surrecturus,

id. 21, 15, 1:

ad insontium pericula surrexerunt,

id. 21, 13, 14; App. M. 7, p. 198, 3.

ὄρος, ους, τό (Hom.+) pl. τὰ ὄρη; gen., uncontracted ὀρέων (as early as X., An. 1, 2, 21 [Kühner-Bl. I 432]; SIG 646, 18 [170 B.C.]; LXX [Thackeray 151; Helbing 41f]; EpArist 119. Joseph. prefers ὀρῶν.—Schweizer 153; B-D-F §48; Mlt-H. 139) Rv 6:15; 1 Cl; Hermas (Reinhold 52); a relatively high elevation of land that projects higher than a βοῦνος (‘a minor elevation, hill’), mountain, mount, hill (in Eng. diction what is considered a ‘mountain’ in one locality may be called a ‘hill’ by someone from an area with extremely high mountain ranges; similar flexibility prevails in the use of ὄρος, and the Eng. glosses merely suggest a comparative perspective; in comparison w. Mt. Everest [8848 meters] or Mount McKinley [6194 meters] any mountain in Palestine is a mere hill) w. βουνός Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); 23:30 (Hos 10:8). W. πέτρα Rv 6:16; cp. vs. 15. W. πεδίον (SIG 888, 120f) Hs 8, 1, 1; 8, 3, 2. W. νῆσος Rv 6:14; 16:20. As the scene of outstanding events and as places of solitude (PTebt 383, 61 [46 A.D.] ὄρος denotes ‘desert’; Dio Chrys. 19 [36], 40 Zoroaster withdraws fr. among men and lives ἐν ὄρει; Herm. Wr. 13 ins. Hermes teaches his son Tat ἐν ὄρει) mountains play a large part in the gospels and in the apocalypses: Jesus preaches and heals on ‘the’ mountain Mt 5:1 (HCarré, JBL 42, 1923, 39–48; Appian, Mithrid. 77 §334 understands τὸ ὄρος in ref. to the Bithynian Olympus, but without naming it.—On the Sermon on the Mount s. GHeinrici, Beiträge II 1899; III 1905; JMüller, D. Bergpredigt 1906; KProost, De Bergrede 1914; HWeinel, D. Bergpr. 1920; KBornhäuser, D. Bergpr. 1923, ²1927; PFiebig, Jesu Bergpr. 1924; GKittel D. Bergpr. u. d. Ethik d. Judentums: ZST 2, 1925, 555–94; ASteinmann, D. Bergpr. 1926; AAhlberg, Bergpredikans etik 1930; MMeinertz, Z. Ethik d. Bergpr.: JMausbach Festschr. ’31, 21–32; HHuber, D. Bergpredigt ’32; RSeeberg, Z. Ethik der Bergpr. ’34; JSchneider, D. Sinn d. Bergpr. ’36; ALindsay, The Moral Teaching of Jesus ’37; MDibelius, The Sermon on the Mount ’40; TSoiron, D. Bergpr. Jesu ’41; DAndrews, The Sermon on the Mount ’42; HPreisker, D. Ethos des Urchristentums² ’49; HWindisch, The Mng. of the Sermon on the Mount [tr. Gilmour] ’51; WManson, Jesus the Messiah ’52, 77–93; TManson, The Sayings of Jesus ’54; GBornkamm, Jesus v. Naz. ’56, 92–100, 201–4 [Eng. tr. by JRobinson et al. ’60, 100–109, 221–25]; JJeremias, Die Bergpredigt ’59; JDupont, Les Béatitudes, I, rev. ed. ’58; II, ’69; W Davies, The Setting of the Sermon on the Mount, ’64; JManek, NovT 9, ’67, 124–31; HDBetz, The Sermon on the Mt [Hermeneia] ’95.—On the site of the Sermon, CKopp, The Holy Places of the Gosp., ’63, 204–13); 8:1; 15:29; calls the twelve Mk 3:13; performs oustanding miracles J 6:3; prays Mt 14:23; Mk 6:46; Lk 6:12; 9:28; ApcPt 2:4. On an ὄρος ὑψηλόν (Lucian, Charon 2) he is transfigured Mt 17:1; Mk 9:2 and tempted Mt 4:8; the risen Christ shows himself on a mountain (cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 1) Mt 28:16. Jesus is taken away by the Holy Spirit εἰς τὸ ὄρος τὸ μέγα τὸ Θαβώρ GHb 20, 61 (cp. Iren. 1, 14, 6 [Harv. I 139, 8: gnostic speculation]); likew. the author of Rv ἐπὶ ὄρος μέγα κ. ὑψηλόν Rv 21:10. From the top of one mountain the angel of repentance shows Hermas twelve other mountains Hs 9, 1, 4; 7ff. On the use of mt. in apocalyptic lang. s. also Rv 8:8; 17:9 (ἑπτὰ ὄρ. as En 24:2. Cp. JohJeremias, D. Gottesberg 1919; RFrieling, D. hl. Berg im A u. NT 1930). GJs 22:3 ὄρ. θεοῦ, where follows ἐδιχάσθη τὸ ὄρ. and ἦν τὸ ὄρ. ἐκεῖνο διαφαῖνον αὐτῇ φῶς the mt. split and that mt. was a bright light for her. On theophanies and mountain motif s. JReeves, Heralds of That Good Realm ’96, 148f.—Of the mt. to which Abraham brought his son, to sacrifice him there 1 Cl 10:7 (cp. Gen 22:2; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.). Esp. of Sinai (over a dozen sites have been proposed for it) τὸ ὄρος Σινά (LXX.—τὸ Σιναῖον ὄρ. Jos., Ant. 2, 283f) Ac 7:30, 38; Gal 4:24f; 11:3 (cp. Is 16:1); 14:2 (cp. Ex 31:18); 15:1; also without mention of the name: Hb 8:5 (Ex 25:40); 12:20 (cp. Ex 19:13); 1 Cl 53:2; 4:7. Of the hill of Zion (Σιών) Hb 12:22; Rv 14:1. τὸ ὄρ. τῶν ἐλαιῶν the Hill or Mount of Olives (s. ἐλαία 1; about 17 meters higher than Jerusalem) Mt 21:1; 26:30; Mk 14:26; Lk 19:37; 22:39; J 8:1 al. τὸ ὄρ. τὸ καλούμενον Ἐλαιῶν Lk 19:29; 21:37; Ac 1:12 (s. ἐλαιών). Of Mt. Gerizim, about 868 meters in height (without mention of the name) J 4:20f (cp. Jos., Ant. 12, 10; 13, 74).—πόλις ἐπάνω ὄρους κειμένη a city located on an eminence or hill Mt 5:14 (cp. Jos., Ant. 13, 203 πόλις ἐπʼ ὄρους κειμένη). Also πόλις οἰκοδομημένη ἐπʼ ἄκρον ὄρους ὑψηλοῦ Ox 1 recto, 17 (GTh 32) (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀστέριον says this city was so named ὅτι ἐφʼ ὑψηλοῦ ὄρους κειμένη τοῖς πόρρωθεν ὡς ἀστὴρ φαίνεται).—Pl. τὰ ὄρη hills, mountains, hilly or mountainous country (somet. the sing. also means hill-country [Diod S 20, 58, 2 an ὄρος ὑψηλὸν that extends for 200 stades, roughly 40 km.; Polyaenus 4, 2, 4 al. sing. = hill-country; Tob 5:6 S]) AcPl Ha 5, 18; as a place for pasture Mt 18:12.—Mk 5:11; Lk 8:32. As a remote place (s. above; also Dio Chrys. 4, 4) w. ἐρημίαι Hb 11:38. As a place for graves (cp. POxy 274, 27 [I A.D.]; PRyl 153, 5; PGrenf II, 77, 22: the grave-digger is to bring a corpse εἰς τὸ ὄρος for burial) Mk 5:5. Because of their isolation an ideal refuge for fugitives (Appian, Bell. Civ. 4, 30 §130 ἐς ὄρος ἔφυγεν=to the hill-country; 1 Macc 9:40) φεύγειν εἰς τὰ ὄρ. (Plut., Mor. 869b οἱ ἄνθρωποι καταφυγόντες εἰς τὰ ὄρη διεσώθησαν; Jos., Bell. 1, 36, Ant. 14, 418) Mt 24:16; Mk 13:14; Lk 21:21.—Proverbially ὄρη μεθιστάνειν remove mountains i.e. do something that seems impossible 1 Cor 13:2; cp. Mt 17:20; 21:21; Mk 11:23. Of God: μεθιστάνει τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ τὰ ὄρη καὶ τοὺς βουνοὺς καὶ τὰς θαλάσσας (God) is moving from their places the heavens and mountains and hills and seas Hv 1, 3, 4 (cp. Is 54:10 and a similar combination PGM 13, 874 αἱ πέτραι κ. τὰ ὄρη κ. ἡ θάλασσα κτλ.).—B. 23. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.